The Philippine Constitution outlines the process for filling vacancies in the presidency and vice presidency, including scenarios where both positions are simultaneously vacant.
The 1987 Philippine Constitution outlines a specific process for filling a vacancy in the Office of the Vice President. It grants the incumbent President the power to nominate a legislator from either the Senate or the House of Representatives to succeed the vacated position. However, the nominee must be confirmed by a majority vote of all members in both chambers of Congress, ensuring a system of checks and balances.
This process was previously enacted when Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo became president in 2001 following the removal of Joseph Estrada from office. Arroyo nominated Teofisto Guingona, then Senate minority leader, to fill the vice presidency. Guingona was chosen due to his pivotal role in Estrada's ousting, particularly his 'I Accuse' privilege speech which triggered the events leading to EDSA Dos. The Constitution also addresses scenarios where both the President and Vice President positions become vacant. In such cases, the Senate President, or if unavailable, the House Speaker, assumes the presidency until a new President or Vice President is elected and qualified. Congress must reconvene within three days of the vacancy and enact a law within seven days for a special election to be held between 45 and 60 days from the call. Throughout Philippine history, four individuals have assumed the presidency following the death or resignation of the incumbent: Sergio Osmeña after Manuel Quezon in 1944, Elpidio Quirino after Manuel Roxas in 1948, Carlos Garcia after Ramon Magsaysay in 1957, and Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo after Joseph Estrada in 2001
PHILIPPINES CONSTITUTION VICE PRESIDENT PRESIDENTIAL VACANCY SENATE PRESIDENT HOUSE SPEAKER CHECK AND BALANCE
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