The Halibut Treaty of 1923 is the first environmental treaty designed to conserve ocean stocks of a fish, and Canada insisted on signing it with the U.S. without Britain’s ratification
On March 10, the 2023 wild Pacific halibut fishing season opens. Fishers licensed accordingly will be able to harvest the white-fleshed groundfish from Bering Strait to California until early December.
But in the early 20th century, the apron strings tying Canada to Mother England were fraying. What began during the First World War, when then-Prime Minister Robert Borden insisted that Canadian military personnel fighting overseas remain with the Canadian Expeditionary Force, continued when Canada represented itself at the 1919 Paris Peace Conference, signed the Treaty of Versailles on its own behalf, and was a recognized member of the League of Nations.
Steam- and then gas-powered fishing boats, introduced in the 1910s, further changed the halibut landscape in the west. These vessels shifted the halibut fishery to distant and pristine offshore fishing banks, allowing fish caught up and down the coast to be moved quickly to rail ports. Canada’s insubordination led to further increases in independence. The 1926 Balfour Declaration recognized that dominions like Canada were “autonomous communities within the British Empire, equal in status, in no way subordinate.” The 1931 Statute of Westminster removed Britain’s powers to pass laws that applied to former colonies.The Halibut Treaty has since been updated several times, and the wild Pacific halibut fishery is now considered one of the best-monitored and -managed fisheries.
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