As the year draws to an end, we highlight some non\u002Dfiction by regional writers in 2022. In today’s excerpt from COVID\u002D19, A History, Dr. Jacalyn Duffin…
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Even the most famous plague of all — the fourteenth-century pestilence that swept Europe, killing millions — had no other name until some six centuries later when a German historian dubbed it the “Black Death.” Aware that illnesses could spread, communities devised methods to prevent and control them. Ancient doctors and military officers understood that sanitation was important and that animals could share human disease. That awareness may have informed the kosher and halal dietary laws.
But no one could see germs with the naked eye or the earliest microscopes. Even after the nineteenth-century technical improvements to lenses, the existence of germs remained controversial. In the late nineteenth century, germ theory — the idea that tiny, living particles provoked human disease — was accepted, following the works of French chemist Louis Pasteur, Scottish surgeon Joseph Lister, and German doctor Robert Koch.
Nevertheless, some very familiar diseases still lacked an identifiable cause, among them smallpox, chickenpox, measles, influenza, and the common cold. Experiments proved that they could still be transmitted from one animal to another even after the infectious source had passed through a filter that removed bacteria.
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